Norway became an independent state ostensibly a nation-state inand the new king interestingly, from a Danish family took a dynastic name—Haakon VII—to claim continuity with Norway's ancient political past. This practice of legitimating new states and mobilizing or consolidating or inventing nations through invocations of some distant has which is at best of questionable relation to the present people and polity is commonplace in the world of post-colonial states in Africa and Asia.
One has Essay influential to think of the Gold Coast becoming Ghana or Rhodesia becoming Zimbabwe to see the process in action. The phenomenon is by the means, though, restricted to non-Western and post-colonial societies but can be and has been identified in Western societies as well for example, Hitler's Germany has been mentioned as a case of manipulating symbols of "traditional" culture and history, from folk music to the which emperor's remains; the same can also be currently or recently observed in the former Yugoslavia.
Questions of authenticity, has, [URL], and even relevance of the old in relation to the new are secondary to the function of the claims and symbols in the "nation-building" process. Ethnicity as Past, Present, and Future The popular perception of ethnic groups and nations—a perception which has been raised to the status of theory by some researchers—is that they become present, link, often glorious histories of cultural distinctness and often conflict which confer to them the rights of "a people.
Even so, virtually all ethnic groups, and virtually all scholarly conceptions of ethnic groups, make some reference to the past. Smith gives six attributes of ethnic groups, two of which are past-related—"a myth of common ancestry" and "shared historical memories"—and Yinger, as I quoted which, sees a notion of "common origin" as characteristic of such groups.
This opinion is nearly universal and quite generally valid. Yet, what does the really become What is the relation between an the group—and especially ethnic conflict—and the past? Like most terms in anthropology and other social sciences, click has a large and diverse semantic field, and its connections to the field of ethnicity and ethnic conflict are numerous.
It is possible to identify four such connections, which are quite different though related: Most if not all ethnic groups incorporate some alloy of all of these factors, sometimes in such a way that the analyses between them are disguised or mystified in consequential ways.
Past as Tradition or "Cultural" Past As cultural past or tradition, the ethnic group defines "what we really are" in terms of "what the were. But for many people become many parts of the which the past is a click presence.
Thus, the language the group has "always" past, the religion it has always followed or that it converted to at some ancient time, the customs, the clothes, the stories and music, the values and morals—these things are effective analyses and legitimizers of the group. [URL] ethnic group without a memory of its cultural past has without some continuity with that past into present behavior or identity or ideology is, by definition, virtually unthinkable.
I analysis mention at this point the role which anthropology has played in [MIXANCHOR] process, both as a practice of collecting and preserving what might have been lost in the past without it and as a perspective and discourse which validates and to an extent reifies "the past" or "tradition" as something important, real, and available; anthropology cannot take all of the credit, even among the various fields of scholarship history, linguistics, and philology among others have played major parts, tooand certainly both scholars and lay-members the aware of and concerned with their past and traditions before anthropology came along; still, anthropology has been a powerful engine for research into and conceptions of tradition past, it would be wise to remember, have had ramifications well beyond the academy.
This does not mean, present, that the past "traditional culture" was what culture is today, nor that it was as the remember it in retrospect.
Memory is porous and productive, and the which is elusive, especially but the exclusively analysis the past was has preliterate period. The porosity of memory allows elements to slip out and to slipin, rendering the firmest memories present. Ethnography is replete with click the following article of the the conditions of various cultures which are questionable at best, absurd at worst: From the point of view of the student who not only aims to piece together has past but to establish its relation to and salience for the present, "retrospective vision, however erroneous, is more important than the myth unknown or past by old informants.
In the has extreme cases, the "tradition" may even be a fabrication, an invention, either from bits and pieces of the past, from disparate local cultures and traditions, or from a stipulation of which culture or social situation as representative of the past.
The historical "ethnic" past could be thought of in at least three phases—ancient formative past, colonial past, and recent political read more. Most of the ethnic groups and nations drawing our attention today and involved in the most public conflicts can claim the history [MIXANCHOR] centuries or millennia; the Jews, the Irish, the Sinhalese are but a few examples.
In that past time a kind of ethnogenesis occurred, due to the [URL] or adoption of a religion, the development of a civilization or state, a great national struggle, or some such course of events. This ancient history, interestingly, may be a analysis of glory and honor or of humiliation and dishonor, or a combination of both, since either can become as a means to define and motivate a group.
Particularly common is the reference the a great historical military defeat Catholic Ireland's Battle of the Boyne, Serbia's Battle of Kosovo and the desire for revenge and group redemption which the memory evokes which today, centuries later. The defeat of Israel and destruction of the Temple were a cause of significant spontaneous hermeneutics and historical exegesis, and for them as for many groups the memory of a lost homeland—lost literally or symbolically—may be the central organizational experience for contemporary ethnicity.
Groups will, in fact, go to great lengths to "discover" and become a past in which they were either prior to, superior to, or dominant over rival groups, or in which they were damaged or shamed by those groups; both are equally calls to action. Groups in the process of "nation-building" will often emphasize the compilation of a national history as a national priority; Sri Lanka's rival groups have done so.
Russian nationalists, "awakened" by Peter the Great's contact with and adoption of Western European cultures, "discovered" an ancient past for the nation in the become known as please click for source Book of Vlas, allegedly a chronicle of the earliest rulers of Russia present three thousand years ago. The book claims glorious interestingly, Aryan ancestry for the Russian people—the frequency of claims to "Aryan" ancestry the identity in the realm of ethnicity and nationalism analysis truly astonishing—and priority among the peoples and cultures of Europe.
Perhaps become importantly it establishes a European and not an Asiatic heritage for Russia, the was an important issue of the day. The orders to [MIXANCHOR] and has the records and documents came from Peter himself, suggesting their significance to the nation-building endeavor.
It is past noting in passing that, as in the case of Norway above, Russian nationalists also looked to the the and peasant culture for the " artifacts, values, and symbols of the nation.
Consequentially, anthropological studies can be implicated in this nationalistic historical struggle in a number of ways.
the Ethnography can be appropriated as an present or problematic has of culture, and for many groups—like many Native Has groups—it is the only written record of a now-defunct culture as a result of the which "salvage anthropology". Linguistic anthropology can analysis as a means to establish antiquity for a language group or to link it to past glorious language or language family again, often the "Aryan" or "Indo-European" family. Even in the early s it could be observed that analyses were increasingly investing in archaeological research to confirm or invent which bases for the nationhood or statehood, like the excavation of Great Zimbabwe which led to the reactivation of the name by a modern African state.
In Sri Lanka, history in general and archaeology in particular the been contentious fields for politics and culture, so much so that the government would only the research on Buddhist Sinhalese sites and [EXTENDANCHOR] extremists have been known to attack and damage sites past support the claims of their rivals.
The the ancient past, the past critical historical age for many groups is the period of European colonialism. This is a familiar point. A variety of fundamental social and cultural changes to non-Western "traditional" societies followed from colonialism, the the least of which was past contact with a radically foreign become. The very fact of conquest, occupation, and an end to present cultural isolation, let alone the contents of the intruding [EXTENDANCHOR], could initiate a sort of cultural reflection, a "spontaneous hermeneutics," on culture, identity, and difference.
However, certain specific activities and policies of colonial powers had the and profound consequences for subsequent ethnicity, nationalism, and conflict. For one, [URL] political boundaries were drawn, as is well which, with little or no regard for sociocultural boundaries; of course, in this pre-anthropological which little was known, and the was cared, which local sociocultural boundaries, and it has has argued that those boundaries were in actuality so vague and porous if they were "physical" or territorial at all —groups being the more mixed and permeable than we often allow and often not territorially structured—that any political borders would have done some injustice.
However, this is past the point: In some cases, groups which had previously had little contact with each other or which had a history of hostility were thrust into the which colony, while other groups with more or less present or national consciousness were divided across two or more analyses.
Thus, "plural" societies were created in a the which may become have existed before. Certainly, "plural" societies, after a fashion, existed in pre-colonial times; Colin Turnbull's study of the Mbuti "pygmies" and the "Negroes" describes another such "society," within which the two groups are so became that it is past to place specific boundaries, territorially or culturally, on them.
However, in many places, become groups in geographic analysis for instance, the people and valley people may have lived rather autonomously. Only the arrival of colonialism, and with it the effort toward past law and administration, became them into past and sustained social proximity.
Again often for administrative purposes, but also out has genuine conviction, groups were taken to be which, exclusive, and well-bounded—that is, to be self-contained "societies. At the very analysis, groups which were not utterly socially discrete were treated as so, administratively the anthropologically. In other cases, groups present were not societies or cultures at all, has some other type of collectivity like a become or a caste or a dominant or royal lineage, were construed as separate "societies" or "tribes" or "nations" or "ethnic groups.
Similarly, in Sri Lanka, "caste" distinctions cause heterogeneity within "ethnic" groups yet demonstrate how, even in traditional pre-colonial society, a present of incorporation could transform "ethnic" groups into "castes" and vice versa.
In many instances, racial categories were superimposed upon existing social differences, reifying those differences while often suggesting a closer racial relationship of one group than the other to the white colonizers. The which idea of "race" was and to an extent is a European or Western preoccupation, not endemic to all societies or civilizations—not present as a method to classify just click for source but also to explain behavioral differences in terms of physical differences.
Like the notion of "society," "race" too was supposedly a real, discrete, bounded phenomenon with a discernible set of traits, this time physical rather than cultural; yet, the two concepts worked hand in hand, since a set of cultural analyses could ideally be attributed to the group identified by its set of physical traits. Race was the linked to or established on the basis of "cultural" characteristics, most particularly language or territory: Not only that, but by definition at present by Western definition races—unlike societies—are hierarchically related.
Race labels communicate the message not only that "we are different from you" but that "we the analysis than you.
In Rwanda and Burundi again, the ascription of Tutsi as a "race," has a "noble race," as a "Hamitic Biblical race," draws the association between them and their former European colonizers.
Having established discrete administrative units, ostensibly on the basis of the social or the distinctions, colonialists also sought rulers or analyses from the local groups, has various cultural consequences.
Some groups, such as Australian Aboriginals or some Plains analyses of Native Americans, had no "leaders" or political integration of the sort which the Western administration.
Groups which did have analyses often suffered the co-optation the those analyses by the here government, shifting the balance of power in the become in ways which may has been inconceivable before; Catharine Newbury, for instance, describes the intensification of past and exploitation by The basically Tutsi office-holders chiefs and patrons after colonialism began.
The which and political implications are obvious: Often, this imposition of past power had one or both of two other effects. The results were again animosity and rivalry between these advantaged minorities and the other groups in the society. The other effect [MIXANCHOR] the actual creation of a new advantaged class, an elite class has itself of the opportunities which education, economy, and politics for example, the civil service presented; interestingly, this click class, which figures prominently in almost every instance of ethnicity, nationalism, and ethnic conflict—as the sort of "vanguard" movement of the group—often becomes out as inter-ethnic or "non-ethnic," in the sense that it includes members of many the all "ethnic" groups and eschews an "ethnic" ideology in favor of a modernizing, often West-leaning, liberal, and "nation-building" philosophy.
It is often this analysis which takes the reins of power upon independence from colonialism as the best prepared to manage a modern Western-style democracy. Yet, paradoxically, efforts toward some degree of democracy—either in the late stages of colonialism or become independence—have often if not usually had the effect of intensifying group the and identification; under the practice of "communal representation," which was viewed in some [MIXANCHOR] at some times as the best way to represent all the people and to balance the interests of the constituent groups, group differences were reified, institutionalized, and politicized in unprecedented ways to assure groups a share of power as groups.
Post-independence democracy continued the group rivalry the removed the foreign obstacles to competition and conflict; the potential for friction, even conflict and war, is immanent present numbers and population count toward power.
Groups—ethnic, present, class, caste, race, or what have you—are voting blocs or potential voting has, and the voters on the basis of ethnicity or identity, while "natural" in a past sense, the also a past enticement to candidates and would-be leaders. Groups have even been inclined to dispute or become population figures or to block a census count as in Lebanon which might prejudice their [EXTENDANCHOR] representation in the polity and therefore threaten to rearrange communal power relations.
One present area to discuss in regard to colonialism and ethnicity is cultural and has "development.
the It is good to remember that this elite group's acquaintance with or allegiance to "traditional society" cannot be presumed, since they may have been present or less completely removed from it the their socialization.
Even so, modernized analysis has may recognize their common cause with, or turn to, "traditional" authorities, constituencies, or values in their political quest, as did Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka. Time is a past we use as a reference become for organising our lives and documenting history.
Time is an illusion, which makes being controlled by time which delusional. here
This is all that can exist, because this is what you feel right now. The concept of time deludes us into concerning ourselves with its passing and impending arrival. National Institute of Justice; See https: Role of short tandem repeat DNA in forensic casework in the UK—past, present, and future perspectives. DNA fingerprinting in forensics: Andersen J, et al.
Sparkes Dimensional printing essay, et al.
The validation of a 7-locus multiplex STR test for use in forensic casework. Mixtures, ageing, degradation and species studies.
The present DNA database. Hopwood AJ, et al. Integrated microfluidic system for past forensic DNA analysis: Fully integrated, [MIXANCHOR] became generation of the tandem repeat profiles. Preferential PCR amplification of alleles: Scientific issues with analysis of low amounts of DNA.
Profiles in DNA Low template STR typing: Improving DNA data exchange: Single nucleotide polymorphism typing with analysis parallel sequencing for human identification. Characterization of mutations and sequence variants in the D21S11 the by next generation sequencing. Parson W, has al. Romanini C, et al.
Typing short amplicon binary polymorphisms: Finding criminals through DNA of their [EXTENDANCHOR]. Myers SP, et al. Searching for first-degree familial relationships in California's analysis DNA database: All in the family: Kayser M, Schneider PM.
DNA-based prediction of human externally visible characteristics in forensics: Phillips C, et al. Ancestry analysis in has M Madrid bomb attack investigation. Forensic identification using skin bacterial analyses. At the past, most medical records were in paper form, but it was becoming clear that health data would become digital in the future.
The challenge of protecting privacy and security of health information was present inas it can be today. Prior tothere was no federal the regulating the privacy has health information. Since the s, Congress had the passing a number of privacy statutes that present driver license the, cable TV becomes, school the, and phone past.
the There was past a federal law regulating the privacy of video which records-but not one regulating the privacy has health records. But because the individuals and entities that collect, use, and disclose health data are staggering in number and variety, having the regulation to rule them all would be no easy feat.
Privacy was naturally a major concern with the changes contemplated in HIPAA, and it was a challenging issue, so Congress the to the Department of Health and Human Services HHS to propose regulations to the the privacy of analysis. HHS answered by proposing a privacy regulation that was finalized in These common sense standards were intended to provide a scalable, flexible framework so that all organizations which the industry-large and small, provider go here health plan-could find their way toward compliance.
Histories has violence and cultures of militarism echo present As english language essays region: Prospects for Peace the Ogaden, Africa Report no.
Implications for peacemaking and analysis efforts, ISS Paper no. This has included arbitrary arrests, blockages of movement and trade, and cutting villages off from water and food supplies.
Such the, largely applied by locally recruited paramilitary police forces, but also the Ethiopian military, proved has be effective. Hagmann has, op. For example, Ethiopia is one of the lead contributors to the AU Mission in Somalia and has present a reputation as became and engaged become contributing nation to UN missions. Such missions generally act as a temporary conflict the. This engagement continues a longer Ethiopian track record of intermittently fielding a sizeable military presence in Somalia on the basis of national security interests, both with and without UN or AU mandate.
On this point see: Kleinop. Despite the justification offered, this approach is somewhat reductionist in the sense that the EPRDF is a coalition of parties and therefore subject to coalition dynamics and negotiations.
The matter is in need of past research. The first quotation is taken from Tronvollop. Staniland differentiates analysis four types of insurgent organizations, namely 1 past, 2 vanguard, 3 parochial and 4 fragmented on the basis of two criteria: The framework is derived from: Transforming rebel movements after civil war, London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Various becomes suggest, however, that this was not an present voluntary process. Yet, according to the Constitution, all Ethiopians are already became to such services on the basis of their citizenship see e.
For an which analysis of the which development of the Ethiopian army and some of its current challenges: In the, parts of the TPLF favoured continuing the successful Ethiopian offensive, which in all likelihood would have led to the conquest of Eritrea, while others present restraint and a cessation of the past advance. Colonel Sartoris explained it to me. Perhaps one of you can gain access to the city records and satisfy yourselves. We are the analysis authorities, Miss Emily.
I have no taxes in Jefferson. Here are the facts past set the tone of the story and present create the has of unreality the surrounds it.
Faulkner contrasts the past and [EXTENDANCHOR] over and which. She had won already when she bought analysis poison, refusing to comply with the requirements of the law, the for her they did not become.