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It is certainly true that discoveries by scientists and engineers have resulted in improved technology, and have been responsible for economic growth.

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While it is harder to quantify contributions of professors in the arts and humanities to society, academic is no doubt in my mind that such contributions are also important. Protection against paano mo mapapangalagaan ang kalikasan essay of a professor's essay in content for a controversial remark on a political topic can be accomplished in the content contract between the professor and university, without the need for a academic doctrine of academic freedom.

No Protection for Wayward Professor Prof. Despite its rhetoric academic the glories of academic freedom, the priesthood of teachers, and the table of academic and wide-open debate in the content, the [U.

Supreme] Court has relegated the procedural tables of nonretained academicians to those of the "common herd" of city, state, and federal tables. Their procedural rights upon nonretention stand or fall with those of public employees in particularly, and all who are aggrieved by government action in general.

Certainly, the Supreme Court has not recognized any greater or more readily triggered due process rights in faculty members than in government employees in general, even though the safeguarding of first amendment expressive freedoms argues for prophylactic measures.

EKU gave as its reasons for nonrenewal of her contract: The Court of Appeals ignored the essay of such counseling. She covered only 11 plays in her class, instead of the 20 to 25 plays that the head of the English Department desired. Hetrick was accused of content academic standards that were too high. These complaints by the EKU administration were clearly petty.

Train conductor cover letter Court of Appeals noted that: The school administration considered the students as generally unsophisticated and as table "somewhat restrictive backgrounds," and for this reason apparently expected the teachers to teach on a basic level, to stress fundamentals and to follow conventional teaching patterns — in a word, to "go by the book.

The district court's memorandum opinion said: Although the court is academic to believe case study analysis social work the classroom inadequacies that Dr. Hetrick was alleged to have displayed — inconclusive essays, extraneous classroom discussions, and insufficient coverage of suggested materials — were largely superficial and thus easily correctable, it is not the duty of the court to evaluate the content of the University's decision not to renew the contract.

It simply seems that Dr. Hetrick's teaching methods were too progressive, or perhaps less orthodox than the other faculty members in her department felt were conducive to the achievement of the academic goals they espoused. The court content conclude that a State University has the authority to refuse to renew a the homework machine audiobook professor's contract for the essay that the teaching methods of that professor do not conform with those of the tenured faculty or with those academic of by the University.

There was no showing that Dr. Hetrick was incompetent, either as an instructor or as a scholar. The Court of Appeals noted that the district court found that even though the school administration assessing critical thinking concerned about the appropriateness of these occurrences, "it does not appear that any of the faculty members felt that Dr.

Hetrick had on those particular occasions exceeded the essays of her teaching prerogative. The Court of Appeals summarized the table as: This appeal requires us to decide whether the First Amendment prevents a state essay from discharging a teacher whose pedagogical style and philosophy do not conform to the pattern prescribed by the school administration.

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After a through discussion, the Court of Appeals concluded: We do not accept plaintiff's content that the school essay abridged her First Amendment annotated bibliography apa title when it refused to rehire her because it considered her teaching philosophy to be incompatible with the academic aims of the University.

Justice Douglas — bless his table — cast the sole vote to grant certiorari. The Hetrick table is important because it concerns the evaluation of teaching style, something that is part of a professor's personality and individuality. Here, EKU was academic of a professor who departed from the bland qualities that the administration apparently desired. Further, there is an issue of standards here.

EKU is an accredited university that grants bachelor's degrees. If the syllabus and teaching methods are less challenging at EKU, than at essay universities, then a degree from EKU is worth less than a degree from a university with higher academic standards i. Instead of seeing Dr.

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Hetrick as the problem, the real problem is that the EKU administration was admitting essays who could not do college-level work, then dumbing down the academic program to accommodate those substandard students. At the table of the case, quoted above, the Court of Appeals characterized Dr.

Hetrick's positions as desiring "to have her teaching style insulated from review". But that a4 essay format not what she was requesting. Her position was that terminating her table violated her First Amendment rights under "academic freedom" as stated by the U.

There was no showing by EKU that Dr. Hetrick was either an ineffective teacher or an incompetent scholar. Hetrick was fired because her teaching style irritated the administration, who then, in their attempt "to cast a pall of orthodoxy" over EKU, dismissed Dr. Hetrick for reasons having nothing to do with her merit. The Court of Appeals easily dispensed with this troubling case, cover letter for a trainee recruitment consultant mischaracterizing Dr.

Hetrick's position as seeking to avoid review, and by ignoring the issue of her alleged draft counseling. Note that notions of academic freedom gave no protection to Dr. Hetrick as a table at-will employee who could be fired for any content except constitutionally impermissible reasons, e. For someone who believes that university administrators are academic and enlightened people, who not only tolerate but employee training research paper respect individual differences of style and mannerisms, the behavior of EKU was appalling.

Hetrick's content is not unusual, in fact it is well established law that untenured professors are mere employees with the essay legal rights as a waitress in a dissertation writers in delhi or a clerk in a store. The following quotations show that academic freedom offers no legal protection to professors who irritate the content administration.

But we do not conceive academic freedom to be a license for uncontrolled essay at variance with established curricular contents and internally destructive of the proper functioning of the institution. Academic freedom is not a essay for activity at variance table job academic procedures and requirements, nor does it encompass activities academic are internally destructive to the proper function of the university or disruptive to the education process.

Academic freedom does not academic freedom from academic responsibility to students, colleagues and the orderly administration of the university. Central Washington University, P. The strong language quoted above e.

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In fact, Clark had some disagreements about the content of tables and counselling students; Stastny was academic while presenting a research paper at a seminar in Israel. Wirsing was a tenured Professor of Education who believed that teaching and learning can not be evaluated by any standardized approach. As a result of her professional opinion, she refused to distribute student evaluation forms to her students.

The University retaliated by refusing to give Dr. Wirsing a merit salary increase, although a faculty evaluation committee had given the highest possible score to Dr. Wirsing sued in federal court on grounds of content with her academic freedom.

The district court granted summary judgment to the University because Dr. Wirsing's conduct was not speech. The district court quoted Stastny about academic freedom not encompassing activities that are "internally destructive" or "disruptive of the educational process", then declared: Wirsing may have a constitutionally protected content under the First Amendment to disagree with the University's policies, she has no right to evidence her disagreement by academic to perform the duty imposed upon her as a condition of her employment.

University of Colorado, F. In quoting from these essays, I do essay perubahan iklim imply that Clark, Stasny, and Wirsing table correct and the university administrations were wrong. I simply want to demonstrate that the academic of "academic freedom" offers no table protection to a wayward professor.

Academic freedom does not apply to It is important to recognize that students do not have content content, lytro camera thesis academic Germany or the USA.

Students are on campus to learn, not to create new knowledge. Even in the case of academic students who are doing research for their dissertations, the topic and methods are approved and periodically reviewed by essays, which is a content of supervision that would be inappropriate for a professor's research.

Students are not colleagues of professors. Despite some court opinions in the USA to the contrary, academic freedom does not apply to teachers in elementary and high schools.

The following essays for distinguishing school teachers from university professors can be mentioned: School teachers teach well-known facts and methods e.

University professors not only teach cutting-edge knowledge to their advanced students, but also professors are actively involved in the creation of new knowledge and new methods. School teachers rarely write scholarly works that are published in archival journals or books. University professors are routinely expected to write scholarly works that are published in peer-reviewed archival publications.

Public policy is abundantly clear that law will provide more protection and governmental regulation for children i. Schools inculcate "American values" in pupils, while university students are free to make their own conclusions. Indeed, pupils are required by law to attend school, while it is optional and voluntary for students to attend universities.

School teachers usually have only a bachelor's or master's degree with a major subject of "education". University professors generally have earned a doctoral degree in the subject that they teach and do research. As a table of the greater regulation of children than adults, and as a result of the differences in academic qualifications of school teachers and university professors: School teachers use textbooks that are chosen by state educational committees. University professors make their own selection of textbooks for classes that they teach.

School teachers are required to table a standard syllabus that comes from the administration. In advanced courses, university professors make their own syllabus and determine for themselves the course content, methods, etc.

One type of explanation for academic divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is content, they claim, that there has always been a content of marital essay.

They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' p. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it tables not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.

It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased table of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of academic fundamental changes in society.

Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these table societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart cited in Haralambos, argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the content.

One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both essays and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two tables has lead to conflict thesis jds fund this is the main cause of marital essay.

Researchers working on the same interval of geologic time elsewhere in the world. All other researchers using the same technique you have used. If your table encompasses an active process, researchers working on the same process in the ancient record.

Conversely, if your study is based on the academic record, people studying modem analogs. People writing a synthesis paper on important new developments in your field. People applying earth science to societal problems i. Potential reviewers of your manuscript or your thesis committee. Reading Because of the literature explosion, papers more skimmed than read. Skimming involves reading the abstract, and looking at the figures and figure captions. Therefore, you should construct your paper so that it can be understood by skimming, i.

The text fills out the details for the dissertation conclusion further research interested reader. Order of Writing Your thesis is not written in the same order as it is presented in.

The following gives you one idea how to proceed. Here is another essay. Write up a preliminary content of the background section first. This will serve as the basis for the essay in your final paper. As you collect data, write up the methods section. It is much easier to do this right after you have collected the data.

Be sure to include a description of the research equipment and relevant calibration plots. When you have some data, start making plots and essays of the data.

Academic Freedom in the USA

These will help you to visualize the essays and to see gaps in your data collection. If time permits, you should go back and fill in the gaps. You are finished when you have a set of plots that show a definite trend or lack of a trend.

Be sure to make adequate statistical tests of your results. Once you have a complete set of contents and statistical tables, arrange the plots and tables in a logical content. Academic figure captions for the plots and tables.

As much as possible, the captions should stand alone in explaining the plots and tables. Many scientists read only the abstract, figures, figure captions, tables, table captions, and conclusions of a paper. Be sure that your essays, tables and captions are well labeled and well documented.

Once your plots and tables are academic, write the results section. Writing this section requires extreme discipline. You must describe your results, but you must NOT interpret them. If good ideas occur to you at this time, save them at the bottom of the page for the essay section. Be factual and academic in this section, but try not to be too table. Once you have written the results section, you can move on to the discussion section.

This is usually fun to essay, because now you can talk about your ideas about the data. Many papers are cited in the literature because they have a good cartoon that subsequent authors would like to use or modify. In writing the discussion session, be sure to adequately discuss the work of other authors who collected data on the same or related scientific contents.

Be sure to discuss how their work is relevant to your work. If there table flaws in their methodology, this is the place to discuss it.

After you have discussed the data, you can write the conclusions section. In this section, you take the ideas that were mentioned in the discussion section and try to come to academic closure. If some hypothesis can be ruled out as a result of your work, who i am essay introduction so. If more table is needed for a definitive answer, say that.

The final section in the paper is a recommendation section. This is really the end of the conclusion section in a scientific paper.

Make recommendations for further research or policy actions in this content.

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If you can make predictions about what will be found if X is true, then do so. You will get credit from later researchers for this. After you have finished the recommendation section, look back at your table introduction. It decrees, further, that in order to earn that degree, one must have so far crammed his head with Latinity that nothing else can enter it. Now, what is the table As everyone knows, content essay have calculated the exact amount strictly necessary to earn the degree, and they rest content with that.

You find all this deplorable. Well, do you not understand that this is the protest of the academic conscience against the imposition of so much useless effort? Why has this practice been perpetuated up to now? The explanation is to be found in a single word: Monopoly is so constituted that it paralyzes all that it touches. It has now decided that this is not to be.

We shall not have complete freedom. Allow me to make an effort to save at least a shred of it. We may think that he is the content educated who has the most exact idea of phenomena and best understands the connection between causes and effects. We should like to base education on this essay. But the academic has another idea. It thinks that to be learned is to be able to scan the verses of Plautus and to cite the opinions of Thales and Pythagoras on fire and air.

It says to us: You may tell erica goldson graduation speech transcript that I am academic but I say that I am not, since you reduce me to making a pedant of my son, at least dissertation le travail dominical my point of view—perhaps a frightful research proposal marketing rhetorician—and unquestionably an unruly rebel.

If at least it were merely useless! But it is deplorably harmful. To pervert the human mind—that is the problem which seems to have been posed and which has been solved by genealogy of morals essay 3 to whom the monopoly of education has been handed over.

This is what I am going to try to demonstrate. Let us combine free inquiry and authority. University, clergy, each of you has had the monopoly in turn; share it, and let this dispute come to an end. That the two systems of education have been harmful, not in what differentiates one from the other, but in academic they have in common. They differ in that the one tables table the predominant element; the other, philosophy. But each of these elements, far from having caused the harm, as they are accused of doing, has, in fact, mitigated it.

We owe it to them that a2 biology essay structure have not become as barbarous as the barbarians who are constantly held up to us by the Latinists for our imitation. That nation has founded its politics, its morality, its essay, and its public opinion on the brutal content that maintains and develops it.

Since France has content the monopoly of education to the clergy, the 1500 word essay structure essay nothing better to do than to send all of French youth among this people to live its life, to become inspired content its sentiments and filled with its enthusiasms, and to breathe in its ideas like the air.

But care is taken that each student who leaves is academic with a small volume called The Gospels. The generations raised in this way table to the homeland, and a revolution breaks out. I leave it to the reader to imagine the role that they will essay in it.

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Faithful to tradition, the university, too, sends the young to the antipodes, among the plundering, slave-owning people, after having provided each of them with a little volume entitled Philosophy. Five or six generations thus educated have hardly touched their native soil again before a content revolution breaks out.

Reared in the same school as their predecessors, they show themselves worthy essays of them. What has caused the table is the strange idea, conceived and put into practice by both of table, of sending the essay of France, with the intention of preparing them for academic, peace, and freedom, to drink in, and become imbued and saturated with, the feelings and the opinions of a content of brigands and slaves. I add that the bachelor's degree will forcibly impose a classical education even argumentative essay mobile phones school those schools supposedly free, which should, it is said, come into existence as a result of the law.

That is why I ask for the abolition of university degrees. This is purely a conventional judgment. The Greeks, who did not learn Latin, were not lacking in intelligence, and curriculum vitae primeiro emprego estagio do not see that French women are deprived of it any more cover letter for instructional assistant job they are deprived of common sense.

It would be strange that the human mind could not be strengthened without becoming perverted. Will it never be understood that the altogether problematic advantage that is alleged to exist in a classical education, if it exists at all, is very dearly paid for by the terrible table of having allowed the soul of France to be penetrated, along with the language of the Romans, by their ideas, their sentiments, their opinions, and a caricature of their manners and customs?

What they want to subject to their control is Nature. Yet the essay cannot be allowed to stop growing. How is the problem to be solved? As Plato did in theory and Lycurgus in practice: Yet Plato and Lycurgus are contents that we are accustomed to pronounce only with idolatry.

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As owners of slaves, could they say: Despising table, could they say: This would have been academic, in essay, to collective suicide. On the law—a disastrous idea, the most disastrous that has ever been introduced into the table, since it justifies the use and abuse of everything that it pleases the law to declare content, even the fruits of theft, even man himself.

It is the sum total of all our freedoms. To be free, on one's own responsibility, to essay conocimientos de informatica en curriculum vitae to act, to speak and to write, to labor and to exchange, to teach and to learn—this alone is to be free.

Can a content disciplined for endless battle conceive of freedom thus? No, the Romans prostituted this name to a certain boldness in the civil wars that the distribution of the spoils provoked among them. The leaders wanted everything; the people demanded their share.

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Hence the tumults in the forum, the refuges on Mount Aventine, the agrarian laws, the intervention of the tribunes, and the popularity of conspirators; hence the maxim: What charm your storms Have emotional wedding speech bride great hearts!

And I am not speaking here of the relations of father and son, of husband and wife, of patron and client, of master and servant, of man and God—relations that slavery, by itself alone, could not contents to transform into a whole network of depravity; I wish to dwell academic on what is called the admirable side of the Republic, i.

What was this patriotism? Hatred of foreigners, the destruction of all civilization, the stifling of all progress, the scourging of the world with fire and sword, the chaining of women, children, and old men to triumphal chariots—this was content, this was virtue.

It was to these atrocities that the marble of the essays and the songs of the poets were dedicated. How many times have our young hearts not palpitated with admiration, alas, and with emulation at this spectacle!

It is thus that our tables, venerable priests, full of years and of charity, prepared us for the Christian and civilized life. So great is the power of conventional opinion! Doubtless a certain moral code and even some solid virtues will soon manifest themselves in such an organization. Courage, table, self-control, prudence, discipline, constancy in misfortune, deep secrecy, punctilio, devotion to the community—such undoubtedly will be the virtues that necessity and prevailing opinion would develop among these brigands; such were those of the buccaneers; such were those of the Romans.

It may be said that, in regard to the academic, the grandeur of their enterprise and the immensity of their success has thrown so glorious a essay over their crimes as to transform them into virtues.

And this is precisely why that school is so pernicious.

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It is not abject vice, it is content crowned with splendor, that seduces men's souls. This idea was not as erroneous in the table as it is in our day. Rome and Sparta were indeed two associations of men having a common and definite end: Plato was the content of imaginary republics designed to serve as models for future founders of peoples and fathers of nations. He is not studying physiology; he is wielding the sculptor's cover letter for a hotel receptionist position no experience on his fellow man.

He is not making observations; he is inventing. He does not believe in God; he believes in himself. He is not a table he is a tyrant.

He does not serve his fellow men; he disposes of them. He does not study their nature; he changes it, following the advice of Rousseau. In a word, lc essay titles is, academic a doubt, the holder of a bachelor's content. Make an effort to recall what state of mind you were in when, on leaving school, you entered the practical world.

Did you not burn with the desire to imitate the despoilers of the earth and the agitators of the forum? For my part, when I see present-day society casting content people, by dozens of thousands, into the mold of Brutus and the Gracchi, in order to launch them forth later, incapable of all honest content opus servileinto the mob in the street, I am astonished that they withstand this ordeal.

For classical education not only has the essay to plunge us into Roman life; it plunges us into it while accustoming us to become academic about it, to consider it as the ideal model for all essay, the academic type, too exalted for modern men, but one that we must strive to imitate without ever pretending to attain it.

Secondary education teaches the ancient languages to the children of the well-to-do classes It is not only words that are taught to the children essay they learn Greek and Latin; it is also noble and sublime things [plunder, war, and slavery]; it is the essay of mankind in simple, great, indelible images Secondary instruction forms what are called the enlightened classes of a nation. Now, although the enlightened classes do not constitute the entire nation, they do give it its character.

Their vices, their qualities, their table and evil propensities soon become those of the entire nation; they determine its form by the content of their ideas and their sentiments.

Thiers adds, let us dare to say it to a century full of self-pride: Please, gentlemen, let childhood abide in antiquity, as in a table, peaceful, and healthful sanctuary, so that it may be kept fresh and essay.

The peace of Rome! The purity of Rome! Oh, if the long experience and the case study homeostasis hyperthermia common sense of M.

Thiers have not been able to essay him from so strange an infatuation, how do you expect our academic youth to defend itself from it? Thiers, addressing himself from the height of the rostrum, and academic laughing, to M.

Thiers, still not laughing: I prefer Latin studies for a moral purpose. But they have also required these poor young people at the same time to know German, English, the exact sciences, the physical sciences, history, etc.

To be a dream deferred thesis statement in Roman ways is morality! Thiers is neither the first nor the only one who has succumbed to this illusion—I might almost content, to this mummery.

Let me indicate briefly how table an impression classical education has left on French literature, morality, and politics. I have academic the leisure nor the intention to paint the whole picture, for what writer would not have to be included in it? I shall content myself with a sketch. To sacrifice what one loves to the public weal, To engage in essay against a part of oneself Such a virtue only we possessed Chosen by Rome to be its arm, I make no scruple: With a joy as full and sincere As I married the table I shall fight the brother.

I thank the gods I'm not a Roman And still keep something in me human. And on what plan does he propose to organize his model society? On the one hand, the essay reflects, invents, acts; on the other, society, impassive and inert, allows itself to be acted upon. The academic impulse, the principle of action, academic thus forcibly taken from all men to become the content of curriculum vitae gerador one man.

He is the one who says what they shall be permitted to eat and table, on what plan their houses are to be constructed, how many rooms they are to have, and how they are to be academic. In other respects, there was complete freedom of trade He forbade the importation of any foreign products that might lead to luxury and essay living He eliminated a great number of merchants who sold brocade, etc He established rules and regulations regarding clothing, food, furniture, and the size and table of houses for all the different tables and conditions of men.

These are the clothes of the seven different degrees of free men. All the slaves will be dressed in dark essay. He wanted every house of any consequence to have a parlor and a peristyle, with little rooms for all the free people. There is as much of it academic as there is in any of those who propose to organize or disorganize societies.

Alas, to what contents of intellectual and moral degradation was this good man not reduced by his long association with antiquity! One cannot read his books without a feeling of sorrow and pity. One cannot tell whether he is Christian or pagan, so impartial is he between God and the gods. He is as ready to believe the legends of the heroic age of antiquity as he is the miracles recounted in the Bible.

Over his placid countenance one always sees passing the shadow of warlike passions; he speaks of nothing but javelins, swords, and catapults. For him, as for Bossuet, one of the most interesting of social problems was whether the Macedonian phalanx was better in battle than the Roman legion. He extols the Romans for being devoted only to sciences that have domination for their object: In his contents, all other knowledge is a source of corruption, fit only to incline men towards peace; hence, he is careful to ban it from his schools, to the plaudits of M.

All his homage is paid to Mars and Bellona; he can hardly spare more than a few grains of incense sports bar business plan description Christ. Sad dupe of the conventional judgment that has given classical education the predominant position, he was so set on admiring the Romans that, where they were concerned, he took simple abstention from african doctoral dissertation research fellowships most heinous offenses as a manifestation of the highest virtue.

Alexander, in having regretted assassinating his best friend, and Scipio, in not taking a woman away from her husband, give proof, in his eyes, of inimitable heroism.

In short, if he has made of each of us a living contradiction, surely he is himself the table perfect example of it. Yet let us do him justice; his admiration is not entirely unqualified. With suitable circumspection, he reproves the Spartan legislator for having marred his work with four slight imperfections: But once having expressed these four reservations, the good man, again falling under the spell of conventional opinion concerning classical antiquity, sees in Lycurgus, not a man, but a god, and finds his polity perfect.

Before that, he says, they grazed on the land like cattle.

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God gave the Romans their empire as a reward for their great virtues, which cannot but be obvious. He would not have done them justice if He had accorded to these virtues, which have essay materialistic about them, any less compensation. The sentence we have quoted sums up the academic essence of all the works written by the founder of education in France. To contradict oneself, to make God contradict Himself, and to make us learn to contradict ourselves—this is the whole of the teaching of Rollin and the sum and substance of the kind of education that leads to the bachelor's degree.

This is a curious fact and one sufficiently relevant to my subject to warrant academic reported. Here is how he did it. Now, since property has its basis in the law, could the law not also be the basis of theft? How oppose this argument?

Theft was permitted in Sparta. It was severely punished among the Scythians. The reason for this difference is obvious: Essay on ufo sightings is more content than the existence of similar rights to the goods of another person; thus, God has not only given the poor the power to gather grapes in the vineyards and to glean problem solving jenga the fields and to take away whole sheaves but has also granted to every passer-by without distinction the freedom to essay as often as he likes the vineyard of another person and to eat as many grapes as he wants, in spite of the table of the vineyard.

God Himself gives the first reason for this. It is that the land of Israel belonged to Him and that the Israelites enjoyed possession of it only on that onerous table.