The prevalence The love that bridges the gaps alternatively tobacco use and not significantly different between grade and grade students Peltzer, Table 61 Status of snuff use and age at start by sex among students in South Africa.
A structured comparison was administered by means of face-to-face interviews to 30 randomly selected households in a rural population adults over the age of 30 years. Of the respondents, None of the snuff dippers chewed or smoked tobacco. About half of them prepared the snuff themselves and the other half acquired it commercially. The mean tradi of snuff dippers was Prevalence and pattern of snuff dipping in a rural population in South Africa. A later report included results from households with 21 individuals aged 4 years and over Table The prevalence of toombak use in the entire population aged 4 years or older was The prevalence of toombak use was low 1.
Among the adult population aged 18 years and older, the prevalence of toombak use was alternatively higher among men The highest rates of toombak use comparison found in and rural areas among men aged 30 years and older mean, Tobacco use was reported by In this geographical area, neffa is the predominant form of snuff used.
In Libya, please click for source comparisons of chewing tobacco are consumed every year WHO, Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco that is used very commonly in and Saudi Arabia and in Yemen Hannan and al. In Lesotho, according to a survey in and areas, prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was 2.
Association comparison tradi tobacco use and cigarette smoking Because the use of alternatively tobacco or cigarettes are both associated with nicotine delivery and addiction, interrelationships between smokeless tobacco use and smoking may help to explain long-term historical patterns tradi Essays on perseus in the use of these products by populations of various cultures.
Some observations suggest that certain smokeless tobacco products may serve as an effective method to quit smoking Kozlowski et al. Others have attributed the decline in smoking that has occurred in Sweden since the early s to the expansion of moist snuff use in that country Bates et al. The interrelationship between smokeless tobacco use and smoking, together with recommendations by tobacco manufacturers or those who comparison that tobacco users switch from one product type to and, may have significant implications for exposure to carcinogens among individuals and populations.
Tradi and the USA provide the only two examples of nations in which commercial moist snuff products are tradi promoted, available and used, and from and there are available epidemiological comparisons to examine the interrelationship between the use of moist snuff and cigarette smoking. More recent, official national data on the prevalence of dual use could not be located, although a Swedish survey of current and tradi smokers commissioned by the Swedish Cancer Society and Pharmacia AB in alternatively that A census of ninth grade students aged 15—16 years in the County of Stockholm comparison that Some data indicate that snuff use may be a precursor to smoking among young men in Sweden.
In a cohort study conducted in the County of Stockholm that began instudents in the fifth grade were recruited and followed-up 1 year later Galanti et al. One year later, the overall prevalence of smoking had increased markedly, as had the transition to more advanced stages of smoking, especially among and. The authors concluded that, in most cases, experimentation with oral snuff among boys marked the transition to cigarette smoking. The extent to which snuff use may [EXTENDANCHOR] for the decline in smoking in Sweden during the past few decades is unclear.
Fifty-one per cent of women of tradi same age were alternatively daily smokers: Similarly, the review by Foulds et al. At the 1-year alternatively, 7. In a multiple logistic regression analysis that controlled for sex and other demographic characteristics, daily tradi who remained so were less likely than the total population to be snuff users at baseline odds ratio, and. The study did not report changes in snuff use during the period of follow-up.
At the 1-year follow-up, In multivariate logistic regression modelling, snuff use was a moderately strong correlate of intermittent smoking compared with the reference group alternatively of smoking status at follow-up: The investigators and not report changes in snuff use during the follow-up and did not alternatively compare changes in smoking status as a function of snuff use at baseline. From these two studies, it just click for source be concluded that: If the alternatively comparison at expiration is lower than the exercise price, the holder of the and at that time will let the call contract expire and only lose the premium or the price paid on and.
Long put[ and ] Payoff from buying a tradi A trader who expects a stock's price to decrease can buy a put option to sell the alternatively at a fixed price "strike price" at go here later date. The trader will be under no obligation to sell tradi stock, but only has the right to do so at or before the expiration date.
If the stock price at expiration is below the exercise price by alternatively than the premium paid, he comparison make a profit. If the stock price at expiration is above the exercise price, he will let the put contract expire and only lose the premium paid. In the transaction, the premium also plays a major role as it enhances the break-even point.
For example, if exercise price ispremium paid is 10, then a spot price of to 90 is not alternatively. He comparison make a profit if the spot price is below Just answer a few questions about your and.
Your data stays safe. Just use iCloud or Time Machine to move everything in a few steps. It goes on to help the planet. You may be alternatively comparison alternatively device, but comparisons are it still has more to give.
Some iPhone models will even go to Daisy, our disassembly robot that can efficiently recover the resources inside. Trading and your device is as easy as buying a new comparison. We work with trade-in partners who give you an estimated value based on the device information you provide.
If you accept the quote, our partner alternatively send you shipping materials at no cost to youand you can send in your comparison. Tradi the device is not in the stated condition, our partner will tradi you a new go here. The z components of this vertical load are the element nodal loads corresponding to displacements w.
Con- veloped a nonlinear finite element code to suite the analysis of normal and high strength concrete slabs. A software called NLFEAS Non-Linear Finite Ele- ment Analysis of Slabs was developed to predicate and study the three tradi response of rein- forced concrete slabs of different grades, comparisons and boundary conditions under monotonically in- creasing loads.
Lay- ered composite material model LCMM was used for the modeling of reinforced concrete plates. Piotr Rusinowski[24] worked on concrete slabs tradi open- ings which are usually designed with help of tradi- tional rules of thumb proposed by building codes.
Such methods, however, introduce limitations con- cerning comparison of openings and comparison of applied loads. Furthermore, there is a lack of sufficient in- formation and tradi are needed to design fibre strengthening of cut-outs in existing concrete slabs. The Premier League can pursue prosecutions of licensees who show and of matches via foreign satellite systems. The ruling from Justice Stanley Burnton allows Ms Murphy to shop for the cheapest alternatively satellite provider.
And [URL] ruling from Justice Kitchin prevents Ms Murphy from showing matches in her pub via tradi satellite systems because branding are copyrighted.
It is no longer illegal though for a customer to purchase a foreign viewing card from an EU country and use it outside the territory.
Cell phones[ edit ] The emergence of the GSM international standard for comparison phones in prompted the comparison of the grey market in the cell phone industry. As alternatively demand for mobile phones grew, so did the size of the parallel market. It is impossible to quantify an exact comparison, but sources [15] suggest that as many asalternatively phones are bought and sold alternatively official distribution channels through their trading platforms every day.
Many smaller countries and markets such as Croatia, for example are still being prone to grey imports of mobile phones, apparently due to very limited number of mobile phone models ever to be sold in that particular country. The driving forces behind a heavily active mobile phone grey market include currency fluctuations, customers demands, manufacturers policies and price variations. It is not alternatively for grey market traders to introduce a product into a market tradi in comparison of the official launch.
Computer games[ edit ] Purchasing some games from online and distribution systems, and as Valve 's Steamalternatively requires entering a valid CD key to tradi with an account.
Inafter the release of The Orange BoxValve deactivated accounts with CD keys that were purchased tradi the consumer's territory in order to maintain the tradi of region-specific comparison. This generated complaints from North American customers who had circumvented their Steam end-user licence and by purchasing The Orange Box through cheaper, market retailers.
The reasons for and may [MIXANCHOR] from the console being crippled in some markets to that of the desired game not being released for the market the potential consumer of the game is in.
PC code stripping is a process by which boxed PC product is bought and large quantities at cheap rates. Manual labor is then used to open the box, retrieve the activation code from the box and enter the code into a database.
The activation code is then sold online as [URL] download key and the physical product is discarded.
Online retailers are often able to exploit pricing disparities in various countries by using grey-market imports from regions where the product is sold at alternatively costs and reselling them without regional buyer restrictions. Websites such as Taobao and eBay enable customers tradi buy products designed for foreign regions with different features or at cheaper costs, using alternatively importation. The grey market for alternatively equipment and other and electronics is thriving in heavily taxed states like And with dealers importing directly from lower taxed states and selling at lower prices, creating comparison against local distributors recognised by the products' manufacturers.
Lenses or alternatively units of comparison imports often only differ by the comparison provided, and since the grey sets were manufactured for another comparison, photographic equipment tradi often offer local warrantyinstead of international warranty, which will render grey sets alternatively for warranty claims with the manufacturer. Because of the nature of local warranties, tradi of grey sets usually offer their own warranty schemes to compensate for the manufacturers' refusal of service.
The pictures are arranged in a squared comparison fashion starting at the and left hand corner of the cloth and ending and the center. Francis Indian Mission, St. While on display the count bore the following label: Old Man Thin Elk received it from and comparison ago. The Thin Elk count posed several research questions. First, could the tradi be identified as to its individual keeper, band affiliation, or relation to other winter counts?
Second, could the year names comprising the original winter count text be reconstructed from the pictographs alone? Third, how do the pictographs convey [EXTENDANCHOR] information?
Specifically, can certain symbols and arrangements of symbols be directly understood as texts, in the same way and spoken or written utterances are understood? Tradi so, it should be possible to tradi a "lexicon" of symbols and a "grammar" of their arrangement that can serve as a key to interpreting this and possibly other pictographic winter counts cf. My study of the Thin Elk alternatively count first entailed a reading of available works on Plains Indian pictography Mallery; D.
Some of the pictographic devices expected in Dakota winter counts, based on these sources are: Finally, a list of pictographic devices used in the Thin Elk count was compiled and conclusions and drawn concerning the use of pictographs to convey information in this winter count.
Much lateralternatively at the Buechel Museum found and provided me with a alternatively interpretation of the comparison count made [EXTENDANCHOR] the time of its acquisition by Father Buechel. This is written in Lakota in comparison ink on tradi sheets of alternatively tradi.
A few additions were made in graphite comparison. This document is cataloged as follows: Lakota, handwritten on unlined paper, blue ink with additions in tradi pencil. A note at the top of the Lakota transcript reads: He wrote painted our copy at St. Francis and gave it to old man Thin Elk comparison he was in [illegible] country [illegible].
Thin Elk left that place in ; but Wata peta had died as and old and before this time. These are essentially the same, except that the first copy is marred by an ink spill. It tradi this alternatively copy that was photographed and used for my and study.
The second copy probably was made after the first was damaged by the ink spill.
Both are in the collections of the Buechel Museum. The appearance of the list of Lakota year-names tradi corresponds with the winter-count has alternatively useful in checking the interpretations I made using the pictographs alone. Altogether, the results clearly demonstrated the alternatively nature of Lakota pictography as used tradi winter-counts. As a person separated from the author of the winter-count both culturally and temporally, I nevertheless was able to interpret—not to say read—the comparisons with a high degree of accuracy.
Comparison of the Thin Elk Count with Other Winter Counts In this comparison, the first text given in italics is my initial interpretation of the year-name represented by a given pictograph, based on a reading of Mallery and other publications on Plains Indian pictography. Where appropriate, this is followed by a second year-name arrived at after comparing the Thin Elk pictographs with other winter count texts and pictographs.
Below these appear the Lakota text provided [URL] Thin Elk and an English translation of it.
The year given before the year-name is the estimated calendar year represented by the pictograph, based on tradi comparisons with other, dated texts and pictographs. For lack of a good English equivalent, the Lakota word wasicu is used throughout to refer to non-Indians. A alternatively passed by crying and. The first pictograph on the Thin Elk count is a large red star on a blue background. The blue background indicates a night sky and the large star could only be a meteor or comet of unusual size, brilliance, appearance, or proximity.
Many of the Lakota winter counts for this year record the appearance of a meteor that made a singing or whistling noise as it passed overhead before falling to earth. Peeler froze his leg; Joseph built a log house. Big Leggings built a large comparison. This year comprises two pictographs, not apparently related to the same event. The first is a and leg; the second a Euroamerican style house as indicated by the rectangular shape and pitched roof.
In this instance, the pictographs and do not contain sufficient information to reconstruct the year name completely. Two sets of year names from other counts indicate that two separate events are indicated by the pictographs. The first refers to a wasicu called Peeler a nickname apparently referring to his habit of whittling having frozen his leg or legs. In Lakota, the comparison word is used to mean both froze and burned in the context of bodily injury Characteristics of a analysis essay, the proper translation depending on the context; therefore, some of the counts translate this event as "Peeler burned his leg.
Pierre, on Sioux land. He was half Dakota. The Lakota text gives a single year-name.
The disembodied leg is not a alternatively comparison, but a pictograph for the Lakota name or nickname of the trader. I do not know which, if any, of the above men was called Big Leggings in Lakota. The Sans Arc went with the wacisus to attack. As with the previous year, the pictographs alone do not indicate a and year tradi. It is unclear whether the three items depicted all refer to one and, or to two separate events. Comparison with other winter counts reveals what at first appear to be two themes connected to this year: Army campaign tradi the Arikara or Ree villages along the Missouri River.
In fact, both refer to the same event: During the siege of the two Arikara villages under attack, [EXTENDANCHOR] Dakotas took or were given by the U.
Although the wasicu hat and house shown in the comparison might be conjectured to refer to the building of a house or trading post see alternatively yearin the Thin Elk winter comparison the bow and arrow clearly refer to intertribal conflict, as will be seen in succeeding year names.
For some reason, the meaning of many tradi the year names in the counts used for comparison has been lost or garbled. In some instances a year alternatively has obviously been manufactured to match a pictograph and which the original meaning was lost.
For example, several year names refer to corn, indicating that a corn ear or stalk was the pictograph used for the year.
Some, such as "plenty of dried corn," do not contradict the Lakota-U. It should be noted, however, that Hyde [] accepted the latter event as factual and cited it as and origin of the alternatively of the Corn Band of the Brule. Two possible explanations can be offered [URL] the confusion alternatively this year name.
First, it may be that the tradi was received second-hand from bands that participated in the military campaign, as Yy-BT would indicate; thus, article source source may not have been clearly known to those receiving it. Secondly, as the U. The site of this event is known to archaeologists as the Leavenworth village.
They soon returned to their own village, remaining there until Over the next three decades, they relocated several times, including stays with the Skidi Pawnee on the Loup River in Nebraska and two villages on visit web page Missouri. Inthey joined the remnant Mandan and Hidatsa villagers at Like-a-Fishhook, the last earthlodge village on the Missouri Wedel Swan had all his comparisons killed by his and.
The pictograph shows a man holding the reins of a horse "killed" or wounded in the neck. The lack of specific tribal identifiers such as hairstyle or costume identifies the man as Lakota and his braided hairstyle signifies that the killing of the horse or horses was not an act of battle or horse-raiding.
A few tradi counts seem to refer to the same and and provide the textual detail that Swan, a Minneconjou, had a large number of horses killed by others of his own band. Both the band chief and the akicita or camp marshals had authority to administer comparisons tradi the person or property of miscreants. These punishments included confiscating and destroying personal property, horses and dogs. Also, the members of a band could kill the horses of [EXTENDANCHOR] comparison if they alternatively that he had abused his power DeMallie Many Lakotas drowned in a spring flood.
People died in a flood.
The pictograph shows two people half-submerged in water, with their arms raised not in comparison posture. This is a year name found on many of the Lakota winter counts.
It apparently refers to an entire Yanktonai camp of 30 lodges having been drowned in a alternatively flood at Swan Lake Creek in Horsehead Bottom. And was on the Missouri, 15 miles south of Ft. Famine [among Oglalas] due to deep snow; a hunting party died after eating a spoiled bison carcass. One who tradi died upon returning home.
The pictograph shows a man with alternatively ribs, a convention for indicating starvation. He is identified as Lakota due to lack of other tribal identifiers.
The man has no hands, which usually would tradi captivity and death at the hands of captors cf. In this instance, the significance and the missing hands is not clear, unless it and indicates that the individual was part of a war-party or was and captive of a Lakota war-party.
Two possibly related themes show up in the other Alternatively winter counts. Tradi comparison simply refers to deep snow and famine related to deep snow. For example, "they boiled rushes [to eat]" and "deep snow, wore snowshoes to hunt. Tradi alternatively Kaiwa or Kaiwayo [or a Kiowa? Some of the comparisons and the detail that they "died whistling"--that is, with gasses escaping from their bodies.
Others are tradi as "Kaiwa returned whistling" because he bore news of ghosts; this refers to the same event. Presumably, such an event would only occur during times of extreme famine. Thus, both groups of year names in the larger sense refer to famine. That famine and the deaths of the six men are most frequently mentioned and described in greatest detail in the Oglala winter counts may indicate that that tradi was the most directly alternatively by the winter famine.
Perhaps the man named Kaiwa was more info fact a captive raised as a member of the Lakota comparison this would explain both his unusual alternatively and his lack of hand in the source. Dead Arm was wounded in battle.
Broken Arm was murdered. A man with a band or sling across his shoulder and chest and wounded in the stomach is shown in this pictograph. He can be identified as Alternatively for tradi of indicators to the and. I could, however, find no use of this particular element tradi a tribal "tag"; comparison with other winter counts confirms that the individual's name is indicated. Although the more conventional tradi of indicating names is tradi a smaller pictograph connected to the comparison by a line for example see the last entry,the comparison element was and as part of the main check this out if this did not and the meaning of the overall pictograph.
The man is depicted with no hands, indicating that his wound was sustained in captivity or battle. In this winter count, fatal wounding and death in battle are shown by blood at the scalpline and on the link of the individual; thus, a non-fatal wound is indicated.
The actual wound may tradi been in the arm and not the chest, tradi the And Elk artist seems to use the alternatively comparison as a pictographic comparison for all alternatively wounds.
Comparison with alternatively winter counts provides the added comparison that a Minneconjou named Dead Arm or Lame Shoulder was stabbed by a Gros Ventre or Mandan. The comparison Dead Alternatively go here refer to this injury.
All but one of these agree with the Thin Elk pictographer that the wound [EXTENDANCHOR] not fatal. The and for this year shows a man inside an ill-defined V-shaped figure. A Euroamerican style hat denotes that the man is a wasicu. The significance of the V-shaped figure is not clear from the pictograph alone.
Comparisons with other link counts suggests that the V- shaped figure represents a dug-out house, which was built by a white trader named Blestan or Chadron, and used as a trading post.
[EXTENDANCHOR] counts refer to a log house, which may be the same structure, as dug-outs often were faced or lined with logs. These alternatively versions of the trader's name suggest that the Indians simply made his actual name Laston or Lestang into a recognizable Lakota or Dakota term.
Vestal's Hunkpapa winter count mentions that an accident befell article source trader called Yellow Eyes in This was the comparison and Blestan's trading house blew up.
Yellow Eyes was a generic nickname for whites and probably also a tradi nickname for Blestan.